Version 2: Major topics include: use of information systems for operations, management, and strategic advantage; managerial overview of hardware, software, telecommunications, and database management; end user computing and office automation; artificial intelligence in business; management of information technology, including planning, implementation and control, international issues, and ethical dimensions; introductory statistical concepts, including frequency distributions, variance, correlation, regression, normal probability distribution, sampling, and chi-square tests; overview of management science, including decision theory models, forecasting methods, inventory models, network models, and linear programming. Version 3: Information systems in organizations; computer hardware and software; telecommunications and networks; Internet technology; transaction processing; electronic commerce; enterprise resource planning; management information systems; decision support systems; artificial intelligence and expert systems; systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance, and review; security, privacy, and ethical issues in information systems and the Internet; using descriptive and inferential statistics to manage information; using decision theory and linear programming to manage information; applying management science models to business operations.